Executions and Prison Safety?
A distraction from real solutions
It sounds logical – once someone has a life sentence, they have nothing left to lose by killing in prison, right? Wrong. People serving life sentences have to make prison their homes forever, so preserving even tiny privileges makes a big difference to their quality of life. That is why studies and the real-life experience of wardens and corrections officers have found that lifers are the least likely to commit murder in prison.
Keeping prisons safe: Voices from the front lines
- "I've been in this system for over 40 years. I’ve been held hostage and been through multiple prison riots. If someone told me that the death penalty would protect me as a corrections officer, I would be offended. Safety inside prisons depends on proper staffing, programming, and effective reintegration of inmates back into society. The death penalty does not safeguard anybody."1
— Calvin Lightfoot, former corrections officer, warden, and Secretary of Public Safety and Correctional Services for the state of Maryland
- "A well-managed prison with proper classification and staffing can create incentives for lifers to behave while segregating and punishing those who are a threat before violence ever occurs. Our prison system already knows how to do this. The reality is that the death penalty is not, and never has been, a deterrent. Prison safety depends on proper staffing, equipment, resources and training. Certainly the money spent on trying to put someone to death for over 20 years could find better use in addressing those practical needs of our correctional system."2
— John Connor, former chief special prosecutor for the state of Montana for 21 years, prosecuting five death penalty cases involving prison homicides.
What incentive do life-sentenced inmates have to keep from killing again in prison?
- Life without parole can be "bad, horrible, or extremely horrible," as one warden put it. For those few who are a danger to others, there are facilities for long-term custodial segregation - a tiny cell where even meals are eaten alone. The bleak and harsh reality of life under custodial segregation offers great incentive to avoid that fate.
- People serving life must make prison their homes forever. They will never again have the thousands freedoms many of us take for granted – an extra hour in the sun, decent food, the touch of another human being. The miserable environment of prison means lifers have to preserve even the tiniest privileges they can get.3
- If people serving life had "nothing left to lose" by killing in prison, the same thing would be true for death row – you can’t be executed twice. Yet thousands of death row inmates live in prison for years and even decades without committing another murder in prison.
- The death penalty is no more of a deterrent for prison murder than it is for murder outside prison. If it were, one would expect more prison murders in non-death penalty states. Yet 98% of prison murders occurred in jurisdictions that have the death penalty during the last year that data was available.4
Even prisoners can be wrongly convicted
- The same problems that plague all death penalty cases are exacerbated by the fishbowl environment of prison. Prisoners may be more easily persuaded to give false testimony in exchange for better treatment, increasing the risk of wrongful convictions.
Case in point: Joe Amrine was serving a short sentence for check kiting in Missouri when he was convicted of a prison stabbing. His trial attorney conducted no investigation. The three inmates who testified against him said later that prison officials pressured them to finger Amrine. A prison guard consistently said he saw one of the three prison "witnesses" fleeing the crime scene. Amrine spent 17 years on death row before state courts concluded he was actually innocent.
The use of resources: preventing prison murder
- The death penalty is shown to cost millions more than a system of life in prison. Those extra resources would be better spent preventing prison murders at a fraction of the cost.
- One California prison lowered fatal stabbings by 94% simply by removing the sheet metal shop from its prison industry.5 Other prisons have removed blind spots, increased security in high-risk areas, and placed dangerous inmates in special units to maximize staff protection.
How often do people serving life sentences kill in prison, anyway?
- Prisoners serving life without parole are often much less likely than the average inmate to break prison rules. Virtually all studies and accounts of lifers by correctional workers confirm this.6
- Prison murder overall is extremely rare. The murder of a corrections officer is even more rare. Many states haven’t had a single corrections officer killed in the last 30 years. Prison staff are 82 times less likely to be murdered by an inmate than the average person outside.7
- 1. Private interview, March 2007.
- 2. John Connor, "Death penalty drains justice system resources," Billings Gazette, March, 22, 2009.
- 3. Robert Johnson, "Life Without Parole, Our Other Death Penalty," submitted to the Maryland Legislature, 2007.
- 4. Christopher J. Mumola, "Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails," Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2005. Data is from 2002. Of 87 inmates killed in prison in 2002, only 1 of them was killed in a state that did not have the death penalty.
- 5. W. Wolfson, "The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty upon Prison Murder," in Hugo Bedau, The Death Penalty in America, 1982.
- 6. Johnson. According to a report by the Arizona State Prison ("A Report: Life Term Prisoners in the United States," 1974), 89% of surveyed correctional workers reported that lifers presented fewer disciplinary problems than the general population, and 92% said lifers were more cooperative.
- 7. As of 1997. The inmate-on-staff homicide rate in 1997 was 1 per 1,000,000 inmates, compared to the U.S. murder rate of 82 murders per 1,000,000 population. Bureau of Justice Statistics, cited by Death Penalty Information Center, Understanding Capital Punishment: A Guide Through the Death Penalty Debate, March 2003, p. 33.
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